Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop in a particular area. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. Examples of this are the large corn, soybean and wheat acreages in the American Midwest. Monocultures can run the risk of the quicker spread of a disease where a uniform crop is susceptible to a specific pathogen.

Monocultures have a different meaning in industrial biotechnology, where for example an algae monoculture would refer to a culture consisting of only one species of microalgae.